In this sample data set, HGL values were not significantly different than OGTT values at any time period. In between meals, the plasma glucose concentration is maintained between 75 and 100 mg/dl. The OGTT familiarizes students with the common clinical screening tool used to detect abnormalities in glucose metabolism (15) and, for the purposes of this laboratory, provides a standard for comparing other meal treatments. Many factors, including being overweight (21, 31), lack of physical activity (22), stress (39), birth weight (24), and family history (27), have all been linked with the development of insulin resistance, or the inability to respond properly to insulin. Complete the quiz only after you studied the material. Draw the microscopic features of the indicated structure or organ using colored pencil 2. The Microscope The Cell Exercise 4. Every spring, you have congestion and a runny nose. Table 2. All cases were from female students, and, based on height and weight, were presumed to have high body mass indexes. Insulin also promotes the storage of energy by inhibiting the breakdown of fat, glycogen, and protein. 430 LAB EXERCISE 44 Digestive Structures clinical application: fluoroscopy can be detected this way. Proper procedures for safe handling of food are followed as food items are transported, stored, divided, and delivered to students (39b). The instructor also has juice and snacks on hand and carefully observes students during the entire laboratory period. smallest pair of salivary glands in the floor of the mouth. Membranous sacs that contains digestive enzymes Lysosomes. What would you expect to happen if tissues (skeletal, adipose, and liver) became insulin resistant? The large hard structure attached to the trachea is the larynx. in designing this laboratory exercise, it was our aim to engage students in exploring key concepts of integrated organismal physiology that relate to digestive function. multiple-choice quizzes on the physiology of the human body, covering the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary (skin), nervous, reproductive, respiratory and urinary systems. Bench tops are cleaned with bleach solution. What are the current recommendations for percentages of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid in the diet? Activity 1: Microscopic Observation of Digestive Structures. 2. Sugar-free drink flavoring (used to flavor the oral glucose solutions). However, digestion and absorption of a meal rich in carbohydrate acutely elevate the blood glucose level, and we rely on control systems to monitor such changes and make appropriate adjustments. Again, the instructor may wish to pose the following question to direct student thinking: What factors influence one's production and sensitivity to insulin? Following the directions provided with the glucometer, students analyzed their blood to determine the fasted blood glucose level. What structure penetrates the bone and holds the tooth firmly in place? What is an OGTT? The higher the GL, the higher the resulting blood glucose level at all time periods. The energy drink and toaster pastry meal provides a relatively high GL (HGL; estimated GL: 71); the medium-sized bagel, banana, and peanut butter meal provides a moderate GL (MGL; estimated GL: 36); and the ham and cheese meal provides a very low GL (LGL; estimated GL: 2). Lab 4: Blood Vessel Identification. Once released from the pancreas, what is the role of insulin? Another possible alternative would be to have students provide a meal that more accurately reflects their personal eating habits with little focus on the amount or type of food consumed. This laboratory exercise provides a systems approach to digestive and regulatory processes through the exploration of postprandial blood glucose levels. The beaver pond analogy of blood glucose control. Procedure (pg. This lab gave me the physiological reasoning behind food choices., I have a family history of diabetes, and it was very enlightening to actually see how foods impact blood sugar., This hands-on lab made the material more realI loved it!, I have taken what I learned from this lab and can honestly say that I incorporate a much healthier diet, which is the best outcome you could possibly get.. Yes, de Meijer VE, Le HD, Meisel JA, Akhavan Sharif MR, Pan A, Nose V, Puder M, Dietary fat intake promotes the development of hepatic steatosis independently from excess caloric consumption in a murine model, Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC, International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002, Gabir MM, Hanson RL, Dabelea D, Imperatore G, Roumain J, Bennett PH, Knowler WC, The 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for hyperglycemia in the diagnosis and prediction of diabetes, Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes, Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ, Neil BJ, Westphal SA, The insulin and glucose responses to meals of glucose plus various proteins in type II diabetic subjects, Haber GB, Heaton KW, Murphy D, Burroughs LF, Depletion and disruption of dietary fibre. Tongue 5.) Masseter Parotid gland Submandibular gland 47. Sublingual glands. How is postprandial plasma glucose related to the carbohydrate content of the meal? Topics covered in the laboratory included examination of structures from the skeletal, muscular, digestive, cardiovascular, urogenital, and nervous systems, and used a variety of teaching aids discussed below. Test your knowledge in anatomy and physiology by answering these questions. GLUT4-containing vesicles translocate and fuse with the plasma membrane, inserting GLUT4 into the membrane. However, the variability in the glycemic response does offer an opportunity to discuss insulin sensitivity and an array of factors (weight gain, physical inactivity, stress, birth weight, and genetics) that contribute to the development of insulin resistance. In the week after the laboratory, students statistically analyze and graph the data for each time period for each treatment (Fig. Students will discover that many factors influence the glycemic response to a meal. Duodenal glands in the submucosa create a buffering mucus to help neutralize the pH of the acidic stomach chyme and the microvilli of the duodendal mucosa secretes brush border enzymes to aid in chemical digestion. The caloric value of the meals is 540 kcal. This observation clearly demonstrates for students how tightly the blood glucose level is controlled. 47.3 1. part of the stomach closest to the small intestine . 4. How does the physical state of the meal (solid vs. liquid, cooked vs. uncooked, high fiber vs. low fiber) affect digestion and absorption rates? 3.Kepshire T. Bench to Bedside Primer: the Endocrine System and Diabetes (online). Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual and eLabs, 11th Edition provides a clear, step-by-step guide to dissection, anatomy identification, and laboratory procedures. What is metabolic syndrome and how does it relate to insulin resistance? of Biology, Univ. Description. It would also be easy for students to physically alter the state of the food (pulverize with a blender), ingest both cooked and uncooked samples of the same foods, or compare foods prescribed in typical fad diets. Matching Exercise: Arteries and Veins. Fill in the table to complete the information. Digestive physiology laboratory exercises often explore the regulation of enzyme action rather than systems physiology. Comment on similarities and differences in the series.\ Handheld glucometer (the Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends 1 glucometer/student). What is insulin and when is it secreted? Even though this laboratory has successfully and safely used the OGTT for several years, some may wish to avoid this treatment. Creamy peanut butter (enough to provide 2 oz/student). Some of these structures are the pharynx, crop, gizzard, intestine, and accessory glands. The laboratory midterm exam also includes questions written from the objectives of this laboratory and accounts for one-fifth of exam points. Fig. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 2. ajdennen. Watch the video for Module 38.1, Digestive Overview, and make the following observations. Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Esophagus 46 the heart answers 128 199 87 laboratory. Exercise 38. World Health Organization-defined glucose levels. Blood glucose levels are recorded in the data table (Table 2). The Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual has been developed by Anatomy & Physiology Professors who have combined total of over 100 years of experience teaching A&P. Often the laboratory exercises are short or divided into several separate procedures. 48 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure Lymphatic System. ), you can either into the alimentary canal through the relatively the muscular of! B. Insert Anatomy & Physiology Revealed (APR) cd into cd drive and allow it to autoplay. A. Right lobe of liver F. Bile duct C. Portal vein G. Hepatic artery D. Caudate lobe of liver H. Left lobe of liver Question # 11: Digestive Process Ingestion is the introduction of food into the GI tract. Label the parts indicated on the checklist. Study Lab Exercise 5 : Cell Structure and Function flashcards from Marissa Love' . 44-46) A1. Bio 104: Computer Exercise - Anatomy & Physiology Revealed (APR) Digestive System A. Root 6. Holds the tooth firmly in place visceral layers of serous pericardial membranes > Lab Ex and! Lab 44 Heart Structure Assesments Lab 45: Cardiac Cycle Lab 47 Lab 48: Pulse Rate And Blood Pressure Increased ATP signals closing of K+ channels, and the -cell depolarizes as K+ is held within the cell. Cheese sticks (enough to provide 4 individually packaged 1-oz servings per student). Students are instructed to clean all areas with laboratory soap and 1:10 bleach solution and wash hands thoroughly before leaving the laboratory. Use of a handheld glucometer makes the assessment of blood glucose relatively easy. GI tract is a continuous tube extending through the ventral cavity from the mouth to the anus -it consists of the mouth , oral cavity , oropharynx , esophagus , Slides or pictures of these cell types might help. Insulin binds to its receptor (1), which activates cytoplasmic signaling molecules, which, in turn, act on intracellular vesicles that contain GLUT4 carrier proteins (2). 8, Copyright 2023 the American Physiological Society, Sourcebook of Laboratory Activities in Physiology, Standards of medical care in diabetes2012, Effect of a single bout of resistance exercise on postprandial glucose and insulin response the next day in healthy, strength-trained men, Anderson JW, O'Neal DS, Riddell-Mason S, Floore TL, Dillon DW, Oeltgen PR, Postprandial serum glucose, insulin, and lipoprotein responses to high- and low-fiber diets, Bantle JP, Laine DC, Castle GW, Thomas JW, Hoogwerf BJ, Goetz FC, Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects, Brand-Miller JC, Thomas M, Swan V, Ahmad ZI, Petocz P, Colagiuri S, Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults, Brand JC, Nicholson PL, Thorburn AW, Truswell AS, Effect of animal and industrial trans fatty acids on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in humansa quantitative review, The possible role of postprandial hyperglycaemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, Effect of co-ingestion of fat on the metabolic responses to slowly and rapidly absorbed carbohydrates, Postprandial plasma-glucose and -insulin responses to different complex carbohydrates, Is hyperglycemia a causal factor in cardiovascular disease? 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